Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Nitrones Derivatives and Screening their Biological Activities

Synthetic approached towards the synthesis of some novel nitrones derivatives have been started with reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives as starting material bearing electron withdrawing and electron donating groups to corresponding phenylhydroxylamine in presence of zinc dust as reducing agent in aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The prepared phenylhydroxylamine derivatives were reacted with different substituted benzaldehydes to give the target derivatives of nitrone. The structures of the synthesized nitrones were characterized by spectroscopic methods FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C NMR. Finally the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their microorganism activities at different concentration, and inhibited growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) Gram negative, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Gram positive, and fungi (candida albicans)

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME NEW NITRONES DERIVATIVES AND SCREENING THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Synthetic approached towards the synthesis of some novel nitrones derivatives have been started with reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives as starting material bearing electron withdrawing and electron donating groups to corresponding phenylhydroxylamine in presence of zinc dust as reducing agent in aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The prepared phenylhydroxylamine derivatives were reacted with different substituted benzaldehydes to give the target derivatives of nitrone. The structures of the synthesized nitrones were characterized by spectroscopic methods FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C NMR. Finally, the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their microorganism activities at different concentration, and inhibited growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) Gram negative, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Gram positive, and fungi (candida albicans)

Investigating the behavior of alluvial systems, thanks to the classical, isotopic and emerging tracers : case study of the alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (Auvergne, France).

L’objectif de la thèse vise à déterminer les facteurs et processus qui contrôlent l’origine et la qualité des eaux souterraines alluviales et ainsi à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement et la vulnérabilité des aquifères alluviaux qui occupent une place prééminente dans le paysage hydrogéologique mondial tant pour leur rôle économique - production d'eau potable, développement agricole - que pour leur rôle écologique. Des mesures hydrodynamiques, hydrochimiques (ions majeurs, traces, molécules phytosanitaires et pharmaceutiques) combinées à des déterminations isotopiques (oxygène-18, deuterium, carbone-13) ont ainsi été effectuées sur 19 points incluant puits, piézomètres et eaux de surface, de février 2011 à novembre 2012, afin d’évaluer l’origine et la qualité de l’eau souterraine dans l’aquifère alluvial de la rivière Allier, un des principaux tributaires de la Loire. La zone d’étude, située près de la ville de Clermont-Ferrand (France), joue par ailleurs un rôle socio-économique majeur, la nappe alluviale de l’Allier constituant la principale ressource en eau potable pour une population d’environ 100 000 habitants. D’un point de vue hydrodynamique, l'eau souterraine circule généralement du sud au nord, avec une alimentation naturelle à partir des coteaux adjacents, dans la partie non-pompée de l'aquifère. Dans la zone de pompage, cette circulation naturelle est modifiée par le pompage qui fait pénétrer l’eau de la rivière Allier dans l’aquifère. La recharge de l’aquifère dépend alors de quatre pôles de mélange : pluie, rivière Allier, coteaux adjacents et partie sud, non-pompée, de l’aquifère. Les résultats chimiques et isotopiques obtenus permettent de cartographier la contribution de chaque pôle de mélange. [...] Ces résultats mettent en évidence la vulnérabilité de l’aquifère face aux pollutions. Les parties méridionale et orientale du site sont affectées par des arrivées d’eaux de qualité médiocre démontrant l’importance de la définition d’un périmètre de protection adaptée. Près de l’Allier, une attention particulière doit être portée non seulement aux pollutions ponctuelles qui peuvent se produire sur le cours de la rivière, mais également aux pollutions chroniques liées notamment aux rejets des stations d’épuration pourvoyeurs de polluants tels les molécules pharmaceutiques. Toutes les informations acquises devront être incluses dans les stratégies de gestion d'eau souterraine afin protéger la durabilité de cette ressource de valeur. Les résultats s’appuient sur les investigations menées sur la nappe alluviale de l’Allier, néanmoins la méthodologie utilisée et sa transposition à des systèmes analogues est l’une des perspectives majeures de cette étude.Hydrodynamic, hydrochemical (major ions, traces, pharmaceuticals and pesticides), and isotopic investigations (oxygen-18 and deuterium) were carried out on 19 points, including boreholes, piezometer, surface water, and springs from February 2011 to November 2012, to assess groundwater quality in the unconfined shallow alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (one of the main tributary of the Loire River). The study area, located near the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France), plays an important socio-economic role as the alluvial aquifer is the major source of drinking water for about 100 000 inhabitants. The objective of the project aims at understanding the functioning and the vulnerability of alluvial aquifers that occupy a pre-eminent position in the hydrogeologic landscape both for their economic role - production of drinking water and agricultural development - and for their ecological role. Moreover, this study also targets at determining the factors and processes controlling shallow groundwater quality and origin. The water circulates from the south, with a natural alimentation from the hills in the non-pumped part of the alluvial aquifer. In the pumping zone, this general behaviour is altered by the pumping that makes the water from the Allier River enter the system in a large proportion. Four end-members have been identified for the recharge of the alluvial groundwater: rainfall, Allier River, surrounding hills’ aquifer and the southern non-pumped part of the alluvial system. Results indicate that, despite the global Ca-HCO3 water type of the groundwater, spatial variations of physico-chemical parameters do exist in the study area. Ionic concentrations increase from the Allier River towards east due either to the increase in the residence time or a mixing with groundwater coming from the aquifer’s borders. Stable isotopes of the water molecule show the same results: boreholes close to the river bank are recharged by the Allier River (depleted values), while boreholes far from the river exhibit isotopic contents close to the values of hills’ spring or to the southern part of the alluvial aquifer, both recharged by local precipitation. One borehole (B65) does not follow this scheme of functioning and presents values attesting of a probable sealing of the Allier River banks. Based on these results, the contribution of each end-member has been calculated and the functioning of the alluvial system determined. According to this general scheme of functioning, origins of pollution (agricultural, urban) have been determined and clues to the protection of such hydrosystems defined

Etude du fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes alluviaux à partir des traceurs classiques, isotopiques et émergents : application à l’aquifère alluvial de l’Allier (Auvergne, France)

Hydrodynamic, hydrochemical (major ions, traces, pharmaceuticals and pesticides), and isotopic investigations (oxygen-18 and deuterium) were carried out on 19 points, including boreholes, piezometer, surface water, and springs from February 2011 to November 2012, to assess groundwater quality in the unconfined shallow alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (one of the main tributary of the Loire River). The study area, located near the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France), plays an important socio-economic role as the alluvial aquifer is the major source of drinking water for about 100 000 inhabitants. The objective of the project aims at understanding the functioning and the vulnerability of alluvial aquifers that occupy a pre-eminent position in the hydrogeologic landscape both for their economic role - production of drinking water and agricultural development - and for their ecological role. Moreover, this study also targets at determining the factors and processes controlling shallow groundwater quality and origin. The water circulates from the south, with a natural alimentation from the hills in the non-pumped part of the alluvial aquifer. In the pumping zone, this general behaviour is altered by the pumping that makes the water from the Allier River enter the system in a large proportion. Four end-members have been identified for the recharge of the alluvial groundwater: rainfall, Allier River, surrounding hills’ aquifer and the southern non-pumped part of the alluvial system. Results indicate that, despite the global Ca-HCO3 water type of the groundwater, spatial variations of physico-chemical parameters do exist in the study area. Ionic concentrations increase from the Allier River towards east due either to the increase in the residence time or a mixing with groundwater coming from the aquifer’s borders. Stable isotopes of the water molecule show the same results: boreholes close to the river bank are recharged by the Allier River (depleted values), while boreholes far from the river exhibit isotopic contents close to the values of hills’ spring or to the southern part of the alluvial aquifer, both recharged by local precipitation. One borehole (B65) does not follow this scheme of functioning and presents values attesting of a probable sealing of the Allier River banks. Based on these results, the contribution of each end-member has been calculated and the functioning of the alluvial system determined. According to this general scheme of functioning, origins of pollution (agricultural, urban) have been determined and clues to the protection of such hydrosystems defined.L’objectif de la thèse vise à déterminer les facteurs et processus qui contrôlent l’origine et la qualité des eaux souterraines alluviales et ainsi à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement et la vulnérabilité des aquifères alluviaux qui occupent une place prééminente dans le paysage hydrogéologique mondial tant pour leur rôle économique - production d'eau potable, développement agricole - que pour leur rôle écologique. Des mesures hydrodynamiques, hydrochimiques (ions majeurs, traces, molécules phytosanitaires et pharmaceutiques) combinées à des déterminations isotopiques (oxygène-18, deuterium, carbone-13) ont ainsi été effectuées sur 19 points incluant puits, piézomètres et eaux de surface, de février 2011 à novembre 2012, afin d’évaluer l’origine et la qualité de l’eau souterraine dans l’aquifère alluvial de la rivière Allier, un des principaux tributaires de la Loire. La zone d’étude, située près de la ville de Clermont-Ferrand (France), joue par ailleurs un rôle socio-économique majeur, la nappe alluviale de l’Allier constituant la principale ressource en eau potable pour une population d’environ 100 000 habitants. D’un point de vue hydrodynamique, l'eau souterraine circule généralement du sud au nord, avec une alimentation naturelle à partir des coteaux adjacents, dans la partie non-pompée de l'aquifère. Dans la zone de pompage, cette circulation naturelle est modifiée par le pompage qui fait pénétrer l’eau de la rivière Allier dans l’aquifère. La recharge de l’aquifère dépend alors de quatre pôles de mélange : pluie, rivière Allier, coteaux adjacents et partie sud, non-pompée, de l’aquifère. Les résultats chimiques et isotopiques obtenus permettent de cartographier la contribution de chaque pôle de mélange. [...] Ces résultats mettent en évidence la vulnérabilité de l’aquifère face aux pollutions. Les parties méridionale et orientale du site sont affectées par des arrivées d’eaux de qualité médiocre démontrant l’importance de la définition d’un périmètre de protection adaptée. Près de l’Allier, une attention particulière doit être portée non seulement aux pollutions ponctuelles qui peuvent se produire sur le cours de la rivière, mais également aux pollutions chroniques liées notamment aux rejets des stations d’épuration pourvoyeurs de polluants tels les molécules pharmaceutiques. Toutes les informations acquises devront être incluses dans les stratégies de gestion d'eau souterraine afin protéger la durabilité de cette ressource de valeur. Les résultats s’appuient sur les investigations menées sur la nappe alluviale de l’Allier, néanmoins la méthodologie utilisée et sa transposition à des systèmes analogues est l’une des perspectives majeures de cette étude

Investigating the behavior of alluvial systems, thanks to the classical, isotopic and emerging tracers : case study of the alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (Auvergne, France).

L’objectif de la thèse vise à déterminer les facteurs et processus qui contrôlent l’origine et la qualité des eaux souterraines alluviales et ainsi à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement et la vulnérabilité des aquifères alluviaux qui occupent une place prééminente dans le paysage hydrogéologique mondial tant pour leur rôle économique - production d'eau potable, développement agricole - que pour leur rôle écologique. Des mesures hydrodynamiques, hydrochimiques (ions majeurs, traces, molécules phytosanitaires et pharmaceutiques) combinées à des déterminations isotopiques (oxygène-18, deuterium, carbone-13) ont ainsi été effectuées sur 19 points incluant puits, piézomètres et eaux de surface, de février 2011 à novembre 2012, afin d’évaluer l’origine et la qualité de l’eau souterraine dans l’aquifère alluvial de la rivière Allier, un des principaux tributaires de la Loire. La zone d’étude, située près de la ville de Clermont-Ferrand (France), joue par ailleurs un rôle socio-économique majeur, la nappe alluviale de l’Allier constituant la principale ressource en eau potable pour une population d’environ 100 000 habitants. D’un point de vue hydrodynamique, l'eau souterraine circule généralement du sud au nord, avec une alimentation naturelle à partir des coteaux adjacents, dans la partie non-pompée de l'aquifère. Dans la zone de pompage, cette circulation naturelle est modifiée par le pompage qui fait pénétrer l’eau de la rivière Allier dans l’aquifère. La recharge de l’aquifère dépend alors de quatre pôles de mélange : pluie, rivière Allier, coteaux adjacents et partie sud, non-pompée, de l’aquifère. Les résultats chimiques et isotopiques obtenus permettent de cartographier la contribution de chaque pôle de mélange. [...] Ces résultats mettent en évidence la vulnérabilité de l’aquifère face aux pollutions. Les parties méridionale et orientale du site sont affectées par des arrivées d’eaux de qualité médiocre démontrant l’importance de la définition d’un périmètre de protection adaptée. Près de l’Allier, une attention particulière doit être portée non seulement aux pollutions ponctuelles qui peuvent se produire sur le cours de la rivière, mais également aux pollutions chroniques liées notamment aux rejets des stations d’épuration pourvoyeurs de polluants tels les molécules pharmaceutiques. Toutes les informations acquises devront être incluses dans les stratégies de gestion d'eau souterraine afin protéger la durabilité de cette ressource de valeur. Les résultats s’appuient sur les investigations menées sur la nappe alluviale de l’Allier, néanmoins la méthodologie utilisée et sa transposition à des systèmes analogues est l’une des perspectives majeures de cette étude.Hydrodynamic, hydrochemical (major ions, traces, pharmaceuticals and pesticides), and isotopic investigations (oxygen-18 and deuterium) were carried out on 19 points, including boreholes, piezometer, surface water, and springs from February 2011 to November 2012, to assess groundwater quality in the unconfined shallow alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (one of the main tributary of the Loire River). The study area, located near the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France), plays an important socio-economic role as the alluvial aquifer is the major source of drinking water for about 100 000 inhabitants. The objective of the project aims at understanding the functioning and the vulnerability of alluvial aquifers that occupy a pre-eminent position in the hydrogeologic landscape both for their economic role - production of drinking water and agricultural development - and for their ecological role. Moreover, this study also targets at determining the factors and processes controlling shallow groundwater quality and origin. The water circulates from the south, with a natural alimentation from the hills in the non-pumped part of the alluvial aquifer. In the pumping zone, this general behaviour is altered by the pumping that makes the water from the Allier River enter the system in a large proportion. Four end-members have been identified for the recharge of the alluvial groundwater: rainfall, Allier River, surrounding hills’ aquifer and the southern non-pumped part of the alluvial system. Results indicate that, despite the global Ca-HCO3 water type of the groundwater, spatial variations of physico-chemical parameters do exist in the study area. Ionic concentrations increase from the Allier River towards east due either to the increase in the residence time or a mixing with groundwater coming from the aquifer’s borders. Stable isotopes of the water molecule show the same results: boreholes close to the river bank are recharged by the Allier River (depleted values), while boreholes far from the river exhibit isotopic contents close to the values of hills’ spring or to the southern part of the alluvial aquifer, both recharged by local precipitation. One borehole (B65) does not follow this scheme of functioning and presents values attesting of a probable sealing of the Allier River banks. Based on these results, the contribution of each end-member has been calculated and the functioning of the alluvial system determined. According to this general scheme of functioning, origins of pollution (agricultural, urban) have been determined and clues to the protection of such hydrosystems defined

The Effect of COVID-19 on Intensity of Signs and Symptoms of Autoimmune Diseases

It is an observational cross-sectional study, the data collected by convenience sampling method from 33 patients in the Ranya General Hospital and private clinics for follow-up patient’s autoimmune diseases state in the Ranya city from the 10th November 2020 to the 20th May 2021 and the study included all the patients had autoimmune diseases that recovered from the COVID-19 disease. For the study materials, the data was collected by a questionnaire form that included demographic and autoimmune disease questions also questions about the patient’s intensity of their autoimmune disease’s signs and symptoms before and after they recovered from COVID-19. Determine patient’s autoimmune disease signs and symptoms intensity based on the prescribed drug for a treat the autoimmune diseases which are changed by special doctors. Furthermore, the data were analysed by SPSS software to produce descriptive statistic measures and to find the difference between dependent categorical variables Sign tests were used but the Chi-square test was used for the categorical independent variables with regarding 0.05 as a significant critical value. The result reveals that the range of their age started from 42 to 74 years old with mean±standard deviation (57.3 ± 8.06) and most of the cases 15(45.5%) were between (55-65) years old, followed by less than 55 years old 13(39.4%) and more than 65 years old age 5(3.8%) cases respectively. Rheumatoid arthritis was a major type 16 (48.5%) of the autoimmune disease compared to other types, Ankylosing Spondylitis 8(24.2%) cases, and Ulcerative Colitis 6(18.2%) cases respectively while Crohn's disease was the minimum 3(9.1%) cases and before the got COVID-19 most of the cases 25(75.8%) had moderate intensity signs and symptoms of their autoimmune diseases and 8(24.2%) cases had severe signs and symptoms but after they recovered from the COVID-19 disease the rate of their signs and symptoms changed to mild 19(57.6%) and moderate 14(42.4%) intensity while severe intensity signs and symptoms were zero with highly significant differences (P-value 0.0001). Despite the current study concluded autoimmune disease patients recovered from the COVID-19 their autoimmune diseases signs and symptoms intensity decreased significantly but still further studies are needed with a bigger sample size to determine and explain this association

Pharmaceuticals evaluation in surface water and groundwater: PEC (Predicted Environmental Concentration) vs concentrations measured. Case study of the Allier River and its connected alluvial aquifer (Massif Central, France)

International audienc

Evaluation of pharmaceuticals in surface water: Reliability of PECs compared to MECs

International audienceDue to the current analytical processes that are not able to measure all the pharmaceutical molecules and to the high costs and the consumption of time to sample and analyze PhACs, models to calculate Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) have been developed. However a comparison between MECs and PECs, taking into account the methods of calculations and peculiarly the parameters included in the calculation (consumption data, pharmacokinetic parameters, elimination rate in STPs and in the environment), is necessary to assess the validity of PECs. MEC variations of sixteen target PhACs [acetaminophen (ACE), amlodipine (AML), atenolol (ATE), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CAR), doxycycline (DOX), epoxycarbamazepine (EPO), fluvoxamine (FLU), furosemide (FUR), hydrochlorothiazide (HYD), ifosfamide (IFO), losartan (LOS), pravastatin (PRA), progesterone (PROG), ramipril (RAM), trimetazidine (TRI)] have been evaluated during one hydrological cycle, from October 2011 to October 2012 and compared to PECs calculated by using an adaptation of the models proposed by Heberer and Feldmann (2005) and EMEA (2006). Comparison of PECs and MECS has been achieved for six molecules: ATE, CAR, DOX, FUR, HYD and PRA. DOX, FUR and HYD present differences between PECs and MECs on an annual basis but their temporal evolutions follow the same trends. PEC evaluation for these PhACs could then be possible but need some adjustments of consumption patterns, pharmacokinetic parameters and/or mechanisms of (bio)degradation. ATE, CAR and PRA are well modeled; PECs can then be used as reliable estimation of concentrations without any reserve